1. Riesling
2. Parisian
3. Say It Fat
4. Airstream
5. Lemniscate
6. White Rabbit
7. Ballpark
8. Deftone Stylus
9. ARB 85 Poster Script
10. Andes
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Useful resources
Classic Napalm
There is another easy way to create napalm at home. For this method you will need:
- Soap. Detergents won’t work
- Gasoline or petrol
- A stove
- A double boiler
Shave the soap and add it to the gasoline in 1:1 ratio. Heat some water in the lower compartment of the double boiler and then take it off the gas. Pour the gasoline and soap shaving mixture into the top compartment and keep stirring till the soap is completely dissolved. Never keep the gasoline directly on the stove, unless you plan to blow up your house. The resulting fluid will be thick and vicious Napalm.
Napalm is the most effective fire bomb in the world. It was used extensively in the Vietnam War by US soldiers, the bombing of Japan in World War II by the US, by UN in the Korea conflict etc. Napalm was mostly used to blow enemy cover, snuff out bunkers and to completely demoralize the enemy.
Be extremely careful where you use napalm, make sure to keep yourself and everybody around you out of harms way. Napalm usually causes severe 3rd degree burns as it sticks to the skin. You could experience 2nd degree burns if the quantity of napalm is really low. 2nd degree burn causes unbearably excruciating pain unlike 3rd degree burns where pain cannot be felt because napalm burns out the nerve endings. Keep safe distance from burning napalm as the combustion produces large amounts of Carbon Monoxide and Carbon Dioxide, which if inhaled can cause a person to pass out or in extreme cases die.
Easy Napalm
Photographic Galleries & Centers, Useful Links...
firsttimeuser
- Center for Photographic Arts
- Center for Photography at Woodstock
- Houston Center for Photography
- International Center of Photography
- Light Work
- Museum of Contemporary Photography
- Museum of Photographic Arts
- Newspace Center for Photography
- Photographic Resource Center
- Photography Center of Atlanta
- PhotoZone Gallery
- San Francisco Camerawork
- The Light Factor Photographic Arts Center
- Visual Studies Workshop
10 High Explosive Mixtures
1)Potassium perchlorate and cane sugar
2)Sodium nitrate and sulphur flour
3)Potassium bichromate and Antimony sulfide
4)Guanidine nitrate and powdered antimony
5)Potassium permanganate and powdered sugar
6)Barium chlorate and paraffin wax
7)Sodium chlorite and aluminum powder(not sure about this one)
8)Magnesium perchlorate and cane sugar
9)Ammonium nitrate (more than 40%pure) and gasoline(VERY POWERFUL)
10)Sodium peroxide and flowers of sulphur
Guide to Flash Powder.
Flash powders, generally speaking, include any oxidiser/metal fuel often with the addition of other chemicals to modify burn rate and sensitivity. Standard flash powder is a mix of 70% KClO4 (Potassium Perchlorate) / 30% Al (Alumnium Powder - 600 mesh). Flash finds a use in many consumer fireworks for producing a loud report as well as a salute filler for amature pyrotechnists.
Safety:
First, I would just like to give you a sense of the power of flash powder. 50 grams or less on a flat surface, completely unconfined, when ignited will produce a very audible explosion instead of just a flash. It is an even smaller amount for Magnesium based flashes. A few grams in an open ended cardboard tube (walls about half a centermetre thick) will shatter the tube and make a very, very loud bang. 3 grams contained in an M-80 type casing will remove several fingers and disfigure a hand if ignited while being held. So, be careful, and only attemp making it if you are thouroughly experienced with slower burning powders such and Black Powder.
Flash powders can be very sensitive compositions, depending on the mesh (particle size) of the metal powder, the intimacy of the mix and the addition of other chemicals. Good flash can be initiated by a single spark, friction, heat, static discharge and shock. Many accidents have resulted from people not taking it seriously, and treating it like it is harmless. But that is not to say that it is unusable because of its sensitivity, as long as it is treated with respect, it is unlikely that an accident will occur.
Many flash compositions will call for the addition of Sulfur or Antimony Sulfide to be added for lowered ignition temperatures and faster flame propagation. But this also increases the sensitivity of it. Sulfur has a low caloric output, so it requires only a small amount of energy (whether that be heat or kinetic) to be ignited when mixed with an oxidiser.
But, in other instances, substances such as stearin will be included in the formula (coating the metal powder). Stearin will de-semsitize the mixture to some degree by providing a barrier between the oxidiser and the metal powder, lowering the chance of spontaneous ignition and increasing the amount of energy required to ignite the mixture
The sensitivity of the flash powder will be determined by the following things:
The oxidiser - The oxidiser plays a large role in whether the composition will be sensitive or less so. Unstable oxidisers (Oxidisers that decompose from only a small input of energy, or have incompatabilities with other substances) such as KClO3 (Potassium Chlorate) and KMnO4 (Potassium Permanganate) will make faster and more powerful flash mixtures than more stable oxidisers, but will be prone to accidental ignition, whereas more stable oxidisers will provide slower burning and weaker flash powders, but more stable.
The mesh (particle size - The higher the number, the finer the particles) of the ingredients - A general rule in pyrotechnics, is that the finer the ingredients, the faster the reaction, but also the more sensitive the mixture. Take, for example a block of iron and a pile of iron powder, both left out in the rain and the environment. After a while, if you were to come back to the two, you would see that while on the iron block, only the very surface has corroded, the powder has corroded completely. This reaction, like pyrotechnic compositions, relies upon surface area. The block only has the surface of the very outside of itself, while the powder has many times the surface area, due to the division of the particles which creates more area. So, using 600 mesh Alumnium powder over 400 mesh will be the difference between good, and excellent flash, but also safe (as possible) and unstable flash.
The shape of the metal fuel - Each particle of metal powder will have a certain shape, and this plays a part in how sensitive the flash is. Flake alumnium is the fastest burning and least stable, because of its huge surface area. Granulated powder works, but not as well and spherical powders work poorly because of a small surface area in proportion to the mass of the particle. Again, I am going to ask you to take an example. Take three pieces of paper - Scrunch one up tightly into a ball, as tight as possible. Crunch the second one up, and scrunch it into a looser ball. Leave the third as a sheet. Now take a flame to the edge to each piece of paper. The flat (flake) un scrunched page will catch fire easiest, followed by the loosely scrunched ball, and then after a long while, the tight ball will light. This example applies for metal powders also. Flake aluminium will produce very powerful and fast flash while spherical will produce slow, bright burning weak flash.
The reactivity of the metal fuel - Some metals ie Magnesium, are more rective than metals such as zinc, iron and alumnium, and therefore will produce more powerful and more sensitive flash. To work at the same level as flash made from a reactive metal, the less reactive metal will have to be more finely divided to produce a faster reaction. Because they are more reactive, they will also take a lot less energy to ignite, making a more sensitive mix.
The addition of other chemicals - Adding sulfur will produce faster, but more sensitive flash.
Some general rules for safely handling flash:
NEVER grind any flash mixture! Always mix via the diaper method (explained below)
Only add accellerants if the metal powder is under about 500 mesh, or cannot be ignited by flame or fuse.
Never mix more than 10 grams of flash if you are inexperienced, and even if you are experienced, no more than 50 grams.
Never use flash in a metal casing. There is no need for metal, paper casings work perfectly. Metal just increases the chance of being injured.
The hotter burning the mixture, the better it will work in a salute.
Wear a dust mask, safety glasses and thick gloves! I know it may sound stupid, but fine aluminium powder can be picked up by the wind and inhaled, which your lungs will not appreciate. Glasses and gloves are self explainatory.
Try to wear cotton clothing, and if possible use static guard (spray) before mixing.
NEVER, and I mean NEVER mix Chlorates with Sulfur, Sulfides or phosphorus. It will lead to a very unstable mixture, that will most likely spontaneously ignite.
Finding the pre-cursors:
~ Oxidisers ~
KNO3 - Potassium Nitrate - Can be found as a fertiliser, at chemists, as a stump remover (grants brand) as a soot remover for chimneys, to prevent you from getting an erection :) . It goes under the names of Potassium Nitrate, Pot. Nitrate, Saltpeter and K-Niter.
KClO3 - Potassium Chlorate - Can only really be found at chemical suppliers these days, and can be made through a few methods (do a google search!). KClO3 is a very restricted chemical and doesn't find much use outside of pyrotechnics.
KClO4 - Potassium Perchlorate - Even harder to make and find than KClO3. Also can only really be found at chemical suppliers, but can be made through a few, very, expensive methods.
KMnO4 - Potassium Permanganate - Available from chemists, agricultural stores, sears and pet stores. Amongst other things it is used as a water purifier (If memory serves) and goes by the name of Condys Crystals.
~ Metal Powders ~
Al - Aluminium - Can be found in a variety of places. If you reside in the US, it can be purchased through chemical suppliers and EBay. Also found in metallic paints, boat paint, has applications in fibreglass and can be made through a few methods. 600 mesh is the best for flash, and below 325 mesh will not work.
Mg - Magnesium - Chemical suppliers, but most likely you will have to make it by sanding down solid magnesium, which is found as emergancy fire starters at camping stores as well as sacrificial anodes.
Zn - Zinc - EBay, chemical suppliers and can be made through a few methods. Can be found as galvanising paint and galvanising spray paints.
~ Additives ~
S - Sulfur - Can be found at most gardening stores, some chemists and hardware stores.
Pyrotechnic Suppliers:
www.pyrocentral.com - Owned by a member of the backyard ballistics forum - Order there! http://www.skylighter.com - Probably the biggest pyro store http://www.firefox-fx.com/ www.pyrotek.org http://www.dawntreader.net/info.html http://www.wolterpyrotools.com/index.html http://www.pyrosupplies.com/ http://www.pyro-pro.com/ http://www.lortone.com/ http://www.unitednuclear.com http://www.cannonfuse.com http://www.discountpyro.com/index
There are more, but I will leave it up to you to find them :)
Mixing up flash:
Because of the sensitivity of flash powders, a wise pyrotechnist will always use the diaper method (explained below) to mix his flash, so as to prevent as little friction and shock as possible.
The Diaper Method - Get a large sheet of newspaper and spread it out on a flat surface outside. Now, weigh out your flash chemicals and pour each ingredient through a ~40 mesh seive (to remove any lumps) onto the middle of the paper. Now gently lift up each corner of the paper, lifting the chemicals, and causing them to fall back over themselves. Continue this until the mixture is of a uniform grey consistancy. Your flash is no ready for use. That is all it takes to make good flash powder - NO grinding neccesary. It is best to spray yourself with static guard before mixing, and to use only tools that will not spark or generate static. Also, if possible, have yourself grounded.
Flash Compostions:
All compositions from Wouter vissers collection of pyrotechnic compostions - I havent asked for permission, but I hope I would get it if I did.
Various Perchlorate Based Flashes:
Potassium Perchlorate.............................50
Aluminum..........................................23
Sulfur............................................27
Potassium Perchlorate.............................70
Aluminum (dark pyro - 600 mesh flake).............30
Potassium Perchlorate.............................65...70%
Aluminum...................................rest (up to 100% Higher % Al results in stronger flash)
Potassium Perchlorate.............................3
Aluminum, 400 mesh................................3
Sulfur............................................1
Potassium Perchlorate.............................80
Aluminum..........................................27
Sulfur............................................3
Potassium Perchlorate.............................64
Aluminum..........................................23
Sulfur............................................13
Potassium Perchlorate.............................72
Aluminum..........................................28
Various Nitrate Based Flashes:
Potassium Nitrate.................................50
Sulfur............................................30
Aluminum..........................................20
Barium Nitrate....................................4
Alumium (fine mesh)...............................2
Sulfur............................................1
Potassium nitrate.................................3
Potassium perchlorate.............................3
Dark aluminum (USB 809)...........................3
Barium nitrate....................................1
Antimony sulfide (CN).............................1
Sulfur............................................1
Dextrin...........................................1/2
Permanganate Based Flashes:
Potassium Permanganate............................12
Aluminum..........................................7
Sulfur............................................10
Potassium Permanganate............................3
Alumnium..........................................2
Sulfur............................................1
For more flash compositions visit http://come.to/pfp - the PFP database.
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Download Tor Browser and be anonymous [plus instructions]
Download it Here:
https://www.torproject.org/download/download.html.en#warning
You need to change some of your habits, as some things won't work exactly as you are used to.
- Use the Tor Browser
Tor does not protect all of your computer's Internet traffic when you run it. Tor only protects your applications that are properly configured to send their Internet traffic through Tor. To avoid problems with Tor configuration, we strongly recommend you use the Tor Browser Bundle. It is pre-configured to protect your privacy and anonymity on the web as long as you're browsing with the Tor Browser itself. Almost any other web browser configuration is likely to be unsafe to use with Tor.
- Don't enable or install browser plugins
The Tor Browser will block browser plugins such as Flash, RealPlayer, Quicktime, and others: they can be manipulated into revealing your IP address. Similarly, we do not recommend installing additional addons or plugins into the Tor Browser, as these may bypass Tor or otherwise harm your anonymity and privacy. The lack of plugins means that Youtube videos are blocked by default, but Youtube does provide an experimental opt-in feature (enable it here) that works for some videos.
- Use HTTPS versions of websites
Tor will encrypt your traffic to and within the Tor network, but the encryption of your traffic to the final destination website depends upon on that website. To help ensure private encryption to websites, the Tor Browser Bundle includes HTTPS Everywhere to force the use of HTTPS encryption with major websites that support it. However, you should still watch the browser URL bar to ensure that websites you provide sensitive information to display a blue or green URL bar button, include https:// in the URL, and display the proper expected name for the website.
- Don't open documents downloaded through Tor while online
The Tor Browser will warn you before automatically opening documents that are handled by external applications. DO NOT IGNORE THIS WARNING. You should be very careful when downloading documents via Tor (especially DOC and PDF files) as these documents can contain Internet resources that will be downloaded outside of Tor by the application that opens them. This will reveal your non-Tor IP address. If you must work with DOC and/or PDF files, we strongly recommend either using a disconnected computer, downloading the free VirtualBox and using it with a virtual machine image with networking disabled, or using Tails. Under no circumstances is it safe to use BitTorrent and Tor together, however.
- Use bridges and/or find company
Tor tries to prevent attackers from learning what destination websites you connect to. However, by default, it does not prevent somebody watching your Internet traffic from learning that you're using Tor. If this matters to you, you can reduce this risk by configuring Tor to use a Tor bridge relay rather than connecting directly to the public Tor network. Ultimately the best protection is a social approach: the more Tor users there are near you and the more diverse their interests, the less dangerous it will be that you are one of them. Convince other people to use Tor, too!
